Lamorak and the Queen Morgause of Orkney

http://www.thenightland.co.uk/MYWEB/lamorak.html 

Morgause

Witch-queen of the Orkneys;
mother of Gawain and Mordred.

Photo credit: TheoJunior

Hued from the livid everlasting stone
the queen's hewn eyelids bruised my bone;
my eyes splintered, as our father Adam's when the first
exorbitant flying nature round creation's flank burst.

Her hair was whirlwind about her face;
her face outstripped her hair; it rose from a place
where pre-Adamic sculpture on an ocean rock lay,
and the sculpture torn from its rock was swept away.

Her hand discharged catastrophe; I was thrown
before it; I saw the source of all stone,
the rigid tornado, the schism and first strife
of primeval rock with itself, Morgause Lot's wife.

I had gone in summer at the king's word to explore
the coast of the kingdom towards the Pole; the roar
of the ocean beyond all coasts threatened on one hand;
on the other we saw the cliffs of Orkney stand.

Caves and hollows in the crags were filled with the screan
of seamews nesting and fleeting; the extreme theme
of Logres rose in harsh cries and hungry storms,
and there, hewn in a cleft, were hideous huge forms.

I remembered how the archbishop in Caerleon at a feast
preached that before the making of man or beast
the Emperor knew all carved contingent shapes
in torrid marsh temples or on cold crookt capes.

These were the shapes only the Emperor knew,
unless Coelius Vibenna and his loathly few,
squat by their pot, by the twisted hazel art
sought the image of that image within their heart.

Sideways in the cleft they lay, and the seamews' wings
everywhere flying, or the mist, or the mere slant of the things
seemed to stir them; then the edge of the storm's shock
over us obliquely split rock from rock.

Ship and sculpture shuddered; the crags' scream
mingled with the seamews'; Logres' convulsed theme
wailed in the whirlwind; we fled before the storms,
and behind us loosed in the air flew giant inhuman forms.

When from the sea I came again to my stall
King Arthur between two queens sat in a grim hall,
Guinevere on his right, Morgause on his left
I saw in her long eyes the humanized shapes of the cleft.

She sat the sister of Arthur, the wife of Lot,
four sons got by him, and one not.
I heard as she stirred the seamews scream again
in the envy of the unborn bastard and the pride of canonical Gawaine.

I turned my eyes to the lords; they sat half-dead.
The young wizard Merlin, standing by me, said:
'Balin had Balan's face, and Morgause her brother's.
Did you not know the blow that darkened each from other's?

'Balin and Balan fell by mistaken impious hate.
Arthur tossed loves with a woman and split his fate.
Did you not see, by the dolorous blow's might,
the contingent knowledge of the Emperor floating into sight?

'Over Camelot and Carbonek a whirling creature hovered
as over the Adam in Eden when they found themselves uncovered,
when they would know good as evil; thereon it was showed,
but then they must know God also after that mode.'

The eyes of the queen Morgause were a dark cavern;
there a crowned man without eyes came to a carved tavern,
a wine-wide cell, an open grave, that stood
between Caerleon and Carbonek, in the skirts of the blind wood.

Through the rectangular door the crowned shape went its way
it lifted light feet: an eyeless woman lay
flat on the rock; her arm was stretched to embrace
his own stretched arm; she had his own face.

The shape of a blind woman under the shape of a blind man
over them, half-formed, the cipher of the Great Ban,
this, below them both, the shape of the blatant beast matched,
his mouth was open in a yelp; his feet scratched.

Beyond them a single figure was cut in the rock;
it was hewn in a gyration of mow and mock;
it had a weasel's head and claws on hand and feet;
it twirled under an arch that gave on the city's street.

The child lies unborn in the queen's womb;
unformed in his brain is the web of all our doom,
as unformed in the minds of all the great lords
lies the image of the split Table and of surreptitious swords.

I am the queen's servant; while I live
down my eyes the cliff, the carving, the winged things drive,
since the rock, in those fleet lids of rock's hue,
the sculpture, the living sculpture, rose and flew.

Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset

(c. 1406–1455)

http://warsoftheroses.devhub.com/blog/532740-edmund-beaufort-duke-of-somerset-c-14061455/

Through his quarrel with Richard PLANTAGENET, duke of York, Edmund Beaufort, second duke of Somerset, helped initiate the political conflicts that eventually escalated into the WARS OF THE ROSES.

Edmund Beaufort was a younger son of John Beaufort, earl of Somerset (d. 1409), eldest of the legitimated children of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (1340–1399), by his mistress Katherine Swynford (d. 1403). As a branch of the house of LANCASTER, the BEAUFORT FAMILY held a claim to the Crown that could possibly rival the claim of the house of YORK. Beaufort succeeded his elder brother John as earl of Somerset in 1444 and as duke of Somerset in 1448. He served in FRANCE from the 1420s, recapturing Harfleur in 1440 and relieving CALAIS in 1442. In 1446, he succeeded York as lieutenant of France, but his failure to hold Normandy against French assaults, though not entirely his fault, earned him great unpopularity.

In 1450, anger over the defeats in France sparked JACK CADE’S REBELLION, which in turn led to the overthrow and murder of HENRYVI’s chief minister, William de la POLE, duke of Suffolk. Despite his unpopularity and his military failures, Somerset enjoyed Henry’s confidence and assumed leadership of the royal government. York, angered by Somerset’s appointment to the French governorship and believing him to be ambitious for the throne, attacked the duke as an obstacle to needed reforms and as a traitor responsible for the loss of France.

Holding few lands of his own, Somerset was staunchly loyal to Henry VI, upon whom he depended for favor and office. The king frustrated all York’s attempts to remove Somerset from power until 1453, when the onset of Henry’s mental illness initiated York’s FIRST PROTECTORATE and allowed the duke to commit Somerset to the TOWER OF LONDON. Released immediately upon Henry’s recovery in early 1455, Somerset was acquitted of all charges and restored to office. Fearing perhaps that Somerset meant to destroy him, York and his noble allies, Richard NEVILLE, earl of Salisbury, and his son Richard NEVILLE, earl of Warwick, took arms against the COURT. After failing to achieve Somerset’s surrender, York and his allies attacked a royal party at the Battle of ST.ALBANS in May 1455. The battle ended when York’s forces slew Somerset. Considering his father’s death a murder, Henry BEAUFORT, third duke of Somerset, intensified his family’s rivalry with the house of York, thereby ensuring the continuance of civil strife.

Further Reading: Allmand,C.T., Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983);“Edmund Beaufort,” in Michael Hicks, Who’s Who in Late Medieval England (London: Shepheard- Walwyn, 1991), pp. 285–287; Griffiths, Ralph A., The Reign of King Henry VI (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981); Storey,R. L., The End of the House of Lancaster, 2d ed. (Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1999);Wolffe, Bertram, Henry VI (London: Eyre Methuen, 1981).

The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell for Helping of King Arthur

Image source: http://darboriasworld.wordpress.com/2010/09/13/que-veulent-reellement-les-femmes/

http://www.sfsu.edu/~medieval/romances/wedding_rev.html

Lythe and lystenyth the lif of a lord riche!
The while that he lyvid was none hym liche,
      Nether in bowre ne in halle.
In the tyme of Arthoure thys adventure betyd;
And of the greatt adventure, that he hymself dyd,
      That Kyng curteys and royall.

                        The Weddyng of Syr Gawen and Dame 
                       Ragnell for Helpyng of Kyng Arthoure (1-6)

Harken and listen to the life of a rich lord!  While he lived, there was no one like him anywhere.  In his day, the courteous and royal King Arthoure had a great adventure.  Of all kings Arthoure was the flower, and he bore the honour of all knighthood wherever he went.  There was nothing but chivalry in his country, for he loved knights and reviled cowards.  Now, if you will listen to me for a while, I will tell you how it once befell, when he was hunting with his bold knights in Inglewood—now hear my story!
The king was in his blind with his bow ready to slay the wild game, and his lords were beside him.  As he stood up, he became aware of a great, fair hart and quickly went forth.  The deer heard the hounds and stood hidden in a fern thicket.  The king saw all this and told his men to stay there and he would stalk the deer alone.  He took his bow and, hunstmanlike, stooped low to creep up on the deer.  When he came near, the hart leapt into a briar patch, and the king kept coming closer and closer.  So the king chased the deer (I believe half a mile) by himself and finally let a shot fly and hit the deer, with God’s grace, so that it trembled and fell into a great fern brake.  The king followed fast and after he dashed out its brains, he tested the fat.  As he was with the deer, a strange man, well armed, mighty and strong, came up to him and spoke grimly:
“Well met, King Arthoure!  You have wronged me for many years, and I will grievously requite you now; your life is nearly done.  You have wrongly given my lands to Sir Gawain.  What do you say, here alone?”  Arthoure asked the man his name, who replied, “Gromer-Somer Jour.”
“Ah!” said Arthoure.  “Think well.  You are a knight and to slay me here will bring you no honour; you will be forever shamed and knights will refuse you everywhere.  Let go of your will and use your wit, and I will amend what is amiss, if you allow it, before I go.”
“No, by heaven, you won’t escape!” said Sir Gromer-Somer.  I have you in my power and shall not fail.  If I let you go lightly now, you will defy me another time.”
“Save my life,” answered the king, “and by God I will grant whatever you want.  You will have shame if you kill me while I am hunting, dressed only in green, while you are armed.”
“All this won’t help you,” was the reply.  “I want neither land nor gold.  Unless you agree that on a certain day that I set and in the same array—“
“Yes!” interrupted the king.  “Here is my hand!”
“Wait, King, and listen to me a while.  First, you will swear upon my bright sword to tell me, when you come, what women everywhere love best.  You will meet me here alone in twelve months, and if you don’t bring the answer, you will lose your head.  This will be your oath.  What do you say?  Have done with it!”
“Sir, I agree, though it is loathsome to me.  Now let me go.  I assure you, as I am a true king, that I will come again in twelve months and bring you the answer.”
“Go your way, King Arthoure; your life is in my hand, I am sure.  You don’t realize your trouble.  Wait!  Be sure that you are not deceiving me today, and that you keep everything secret.  By Mary, if you tried to betray me in battle, you would lose your life.”
“That will not happen,” the king assured him.  ‘I would rather die than be a faithless knight.  Farewell, sir, and evil met.  If I am alive, I will be here on the day set, even if I know I will not escape.”
The king blew his horn, and all his knights came quickly.  They found him and the deer, and he had a sad expression and no desire for sport.  He told them he did not care to hunt and they were to go home.  All the lords knew by the look on his face that the king had met with some disturbance.  At Carlisle the king had a heavy heart, but no one knew what troubled him.  Finally Sir Gawain asked him what was wrong, and the king answered immediately:
“Today in the forest I met a knight in his armor who said certain things to me that he asked me not to repeat.  I must therefore keep secrecy or be a betrayer.”  Gawain told him not to fear, for he would never dishonor him, and the king told the knight his story.
“As you know, hunting in Inglewood today I slew a hart by myself.  There I met an armored knight named Sir Gromer-Somer Jour who would have fiercely slain me without mercy, but I spoke courteously to him as I had no weapons with me.  My honour is therefore lost. I did not want to die, so I swore that at the end of twelve months I would met him there, dressed as I am now, and tell him what women want most or lose my life.  I had no choice but to make this oath and never tell it to another person.  Don’t blame me for being sorrowful, for this is the cause of my dread and fear.”
“Sir, make good cheer,” advised Gawain.  “Ride your horse into strange country and ask every man and woman for their answer, and I shall ride the other way and do the same and write what I find in a book.”  Arthoure thought this was good counsel, and soon they rode their separate ways to ask everyone what women desired the most.  Some said they loved to be well adorned, some said they loved to be sweetly wooed, some said they loved a lusty man who can hug and kiss them.  Some said one thing and some another, so that Sir Gawain had a huge book full of answers by the time he was to go back to court.
The king also returned with his book, and they looked at each other’s findings.  Gawain felt sure the king could not fail, but Arthoure was still extremely fearful:  “I think it best to search a little more in Inglewood Forest.  I have only a month left, and I may hit upon some good news.”
“Do as you like,” said Gawain.  “I am satisfied  with whatever you do; it is good to be questioning!  Doubt not, lord, that you will succeed.  Some of your sayings will help when needed, or it will be disappointing!”
King Arthoure rode on the path into Inglewood the next day and met as ugly a woman as ever seen by far, and he certainly marveled.  Her face was red and covered with snot, her mouth huge, and all her teeth yellow, hanging over her lips.  Her bleary eyes were greater than a ball, and her cheeks were as broad as women’s hips.  She had a hump on her back, her neck was long and thick, and her hair clotted into a heap.  She was made like a barrel, with shoulders a yard wide and hanging breasts that were large enough to be a horse’s load.  No tongue can tell of the foulness and ugliness of that lady.
She sat on a horse that was adorned with gold and precious stones; it was unseemly and puzzling to see such a fowl creature riding so gaily, I assure you.  She rode up to Arthoure and greeted him:
“I am very pleased that I have met you.  I advise you to speak with me before you go, for your life is in my hands.” The king asked what she wanted, and she told him she had good news for him.  “None of the answers of which you can boast will help you, as you will find out.  I know all about your secret, and if I don’t help you, you are but dead.  If you grant me one thing, I will guarantee your life; otherwise you will lose your head.”
“Tell me quickly what you mean,” the king replied.  “I don’t need you and greatly dislike your words.  What do you desire, fair lady?  Explain why my life is in your hands and I will honour your request.”
“Truthfully,” she said, “I am not wicked!  Here is the covenant I would make with you: if the answer I give you saves your life, you must grant me marriage to Sir Gawain.  Consider carefully, Sir King, and decide quickly; unless you agree, you will die.”
The king answered, “By Mary, I cannot promise that Sir Gawain will marry you; he alone can decide.  But in order to save my life, I will do what I can and appeal to him.”
“Good!” she said.  “Now go home and speak fair words to Sir Gawain.  Though I am foul, I am lusty, and through me he may save your life.”
The king replied, “He will be loath to refuse my request, but I would regret causing Gawain to wed the foulest lady I have ever seen.  I don’t know what to do.”
“Sir King, though I am foul, even an owl may choose its mate.  I’ll say no more.  I will meet you here when you have made your decision, or else I believe you are lost.”  “Farewell, lady foul,” said the king.  “Yes, sir,” she replied, “there is a bird men call an owl, yet I am a lady.”  “Please tell me, what is your name?”  “Sir King, I am called Dame Ragnell, who has never yet beguiled man.”  “Dame Ragnell, have a good day.”  “Sir King, God speed you on your way!  I shall meet you right here.”  They parted, and Arthoure returned to Carlisle, his heart heavy.
The first man he met was Sir Gawain, who asked how he did, and the king told him things went so badly that he was close to killing himself, since he was doomed to die.  “No!” said Gawain.  “That may not be!  I’d rather die myself; these are ill tidings!”
“Gawain, today I met the foulest lady that I have ever seen, without doubt.  She said she would save my life, on the condition that you will be her husband.  Thus is my heart mournful.”
“Is that all?” said Gawain.  “I’ll wed her, and would even if she were a fiend, or as foul as Beelzebub;  otherwise I would not be your friend.  You are my king and have honored me in many a battle; therefore I will not hesitate.  It is my duty to save your life and my honor rather than be a false coward.”
“Gawain, I met her in Inglewood.  Her name is Dame Ragnell, and she told me that unless I had her answer, all my labors would be useless.  If her answer, and only hers, helped me, then she would have you; but if it did not, she would have none of her desire.  There it stands, as she made the warrant.”
“I shall not fail,” said Gawain.  “I will marry her at whatever time you set, so don’t worry.  If she were the foulest creature ever seen, for love of you I would not hesitate.”
“Many thanks, Gawain!” said King Athoure.  “You are the best knight I have ever found.  You have saved my honor and life forever, and I shall love you as long as I am king of this land.”
Then within five or six days Arthoure had to return to Inglewood with his answer.  Sir Gawain accompanied him until they were inside the forest, where the king told him they must go separate ways: “Farewell, Sir Gawain.  I must go west and you may come no farther.”  “My lord, God speed you on your journey.  I would prefer  to ride your way and am sorry to depart.”
Within a mile Arthoure met Dame Ragnell, who welcomed him.  “Since there is no other way,” said the king, “tell me now the answer that will save my life.  Gawain has promised to marry you, and you shall have your desire in the bedchamber and in bed.  So tell me now quickly what will help.  Have done, I cannot tarry!”
“Sir, you will now know, without digression, what women of all degrees want most,” Dame Ragnell responded.  “Some men say we desire to be beautiful and that we want to consort with diverse strange men; also we love lust in bed and often wish to wed.  Thus men misunderstand women.  Another idea they have is that we want to be seen as young and fresh, not old, and that women can be won through flattery and clever ploys.  In truth, you act foolishly.  The one thing that we desire of men above all else is to have complete sovereignty, so that all is ours.  We use our skill to gain mastery over the most fierce, victorious and manly of knights.  So go on your way and tell this to the knight, who will be angry and curse the one who taught it to you, for his labour is lost.  I assure you that your life is now safe, and remember your promise.”
The king rode as quickly as he could, through mire, moor and fen, to the assigned place.  He met Sir Gromer there, who sternly demanded the king’s answer. Arthoure showed him the two books, which the knight studied carefully but did not find the right answer and prepared to kill the king, but Arthoure stopped him.
“Wait, Sir Gromer! I have one answer that will secure all.”
“Show me, or so help me God, I will take your life, with great pleasure I assure you.”
“Now,” said the king, “I see little nobility in you, by God who is always helpful.  Here is what all women desire above all things of men, both free and bond: sovereignty, the rule of the manliest men.  Then they are happy (so they have taught me)—to rule you, Sir Gromer.”
“I hope that she who told you burns in a fire, the old nag, for she was my sister, Dame Ragnell.  God give her shame!  If not for her, I’d have had you; now I’ve lost much travail.  Alas that I ever saw this day!  Go wherever you please, King Arthoure, for you are safe from me.  I know well that you will now be my enemy, and I’ll never have you at such a point again.  My song may be ‘Wail-away!’”
“No!” said the king.  “I’ll make sure of that.  I swear to God that I will be armored so that I can defend myself.  You’ll never find me at such a disadvantage again, and if you do, let me be beaten and bound as your proof.”  They bid each other farewell, and Arthoure was glad to have succeeded.  He turned his horse into the plain and soon met Dame Ragnell in the same place as before.
“Sir King, I am pleased you have done well, as I told you it would be.  Now you must keep your promise, since you were saved by my answer and none other.  The noble knight Gawain must marry me.”
“I will not fail to keep my promise,” said Arthoure.  “You will have your desire if you follow my advice.”
“No, Sir King, I will not do so.  I will be married openly before I part from you, or you will be shamed! You ride ahead of me and I will follow you to your court. Remember how I have saved your life; therefore you should cause me no strife, which would be blameworthy.”  Despite the king’s embarrassment, she rode forth until they arrived at Carlisle and entered the court beside him, to the king’s dismay.  Everyone wondered where she came from, for they had never seen anyone so foul.  She went into the hall with confidence and told Arthoure, “Sir King, bring Sir Gawain to me before these knights without delay so that we may be betrothed, for better or worse, before all your company.  This is your promise, so let it be done!  Fetch Sir Gawain, my love, immediately, for I will wait no longer!”
Sir Gawain arrived, ready to fulfill his promise, and Dame Ragnell was so impressed with his goodness that she wished she were beautiful for him.  He pledged his troth to her as a true knight, and then Dame Ragnell was pleased!  The queen cried “Alas!” and she and her ladies wept for Sir Gawain.  The king and his knights also said, “Alas that Gawain should wed such a creature!” for she was so foul and horrible.  She had two teeth on each side like boar tusks the span of a hand: one went up, the other down.  Her wide, foul mouth was covered with grey hairs and her lips lay lumped on her chin; no neck could be seen.  She  was indeed a loathly one!
Dame Ragnell insisted on a wedding attended by all the ladies of the shire, both in town and borough, and had them summoned.  When the day arrived that the foul maid should be married to Sir Gawain, the ladies cried “Alas!” and the queen asked Dame Ragnell to have a private ceremony early in the morning, but she refused:
“Nothing you can say will change my mind.  I will be married publicly, according to the covenant I made with the king.  I will go to the church at high mass time, and I will dine in the hall amidst all the company.”  The queen agreed but began to suggest how Dame Ragnell might better keep her honor when the hag interrupted her:
“As for that, God you save, I tell you without boasting that I will have my honour today.”  She prepared herself to go to church, where people of all degrees were waiting.  She was more richly dressed than the queen in clothing worth three thousand marks of strong, stiff red coins.  But for all her raiment, she was still the foulest sow ever seen.
To make a short conclusion, after the wedding they all went home to dine.  There was abundant game, both wild and tame; in King Arthoure’s court there was no lack of that which can be caught in forest or field.  Dame Ragnell headed the high table, and everyone remarked on her bad manners.  When served, she ate as much as six people would, which amazed all.  She used her nails, which were three inches long, to crudely break her food, so she ate alone.  She ate three capons, three curlews and many baked meats; nothing came before her that she didn’t eat, which made everyone marvel, and both knight and squire bade the devil to gnaw her bones.  So she ate until the meal was done and they had washed, as is the custom.¹
After the feast and entertainment, Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell retired to the bedchamber and the lady said to the knight, who had his back turned toward her:
“Ah, Sir Gawain, since we are married, show me your courtesy in bed; it cannot be rightfully denied.  If I were beautiful, you would do differently, but you take no heed of wedlock.  But for Arthoure’s sake, kiss me at least.  I pray you honor my request; show me how you can do.”
“I will do more than kiss you, and before God!” replied the knight, and when he turned around to face her, he saw the fairest creature he had ever seen.  Then she asked him his will, and in astonishment he asked, “What are you?”
“Sir, I am your wife, of course. Why are you acting so strangely?”
“Lady, forgive me.  I am to blame, fair dame.  I was not expecting this; you are a lovely woman, and today you were the ugliest person I’ve ever seen. I am happy to have you like this,” and he embraced and kissed her with great joy.
“Sir, you must make a choice, as my beauty will not last.  You may have me fair at night and foul at day in everyone’s sight, or fair during the day and foul at night.  You must choose one or the other; which would you prefer to save your honor?”
“Alas,” said Gawain, “the choice is hard!  To have you fair only at night would sorely grieve my heart and take away my honor. And if I desire to have you beautiful at day time, at night I would have meager reward.  I would like to choose what is best, but I have no idea what to say, so I give you the choice; do as you like.  Whatever you wish, I put it in your hand.  My body and goods, heart and every part of me is all your own to buy and sell, I vow before God.”
The lady said, “Thanks to you, courteous knight; may you be blessed, for now I am honored. You will have me fair both day and night as long as I live.  So don’t be grieved.  I was misshapen through necromancy by my stepmother—God have mercy on her!  By her enchantment, I was to remain deformed until the best knight in England married me and gave me the rule of all his body and goods, which you, courteous Gawain, have done, and have given sovereignty to one who will never anger you.  Kiss me now, Sir Knight, and be of good cheer.”
They made much joy, the two of them alone, as was reasonable and natural.  She  thanked God and Mary that she had recovered from her defilement, as did Sir Gawain.  They stayed awake all night in mirth and joy, and when she would arise, he stopped her and said they would sleep until prime² and let the king call them to dine, and she agreed.  Thus it passed to midday, when Arthoure felt it was time to check on them: “Sirs,” he said to his knights, “Let’s go and see if Sir Gawain is alive; I am now fully afraid that the fiend may have slain him.  We will go and watch their awakening and see how he has fared.”  They came to the bedchanber, and the king  said “Arise!” to Sir Gawain, “Why are you sleeping so long?”
“Sir King,” said Gawain, “I would be glad if you let me be, for I am well at ease.  Wait, I’ll open the door and you will see why I am loathe to rise.”  Sir Gawain got up and took his lady by the hand and opened the door wide.  She stood by the fireplace in her smock, her hair like red gold down to her knees.  “Lo, Sir, this is my wife, Dame Ragnell, who once saved your life.”  He told the king and queen how she had suddenly changed and the full story of her enchantment.  The queen was relieved, for she was worried that the lady would harm Gawain, but now she saw to the contrary.
There was celebration and revelry, and the men all agreed that Dame Ragnell was beautiful.  The king told them how she had served him at need and saved his life.  He told the queen how he was beset in Inglewood by Sir Gromer-Somer Jour and the oath he was forced to swear to the knight or be killed: ”Otherwise he would have  slain me right there, without mercy.  This same lady, Dame Ragnell, saved me from death, all for the love of Gawain.”
Then Sir Gawain told the king how she had been misshapen by her stepmother until a knight helped her, and she told the king how Gawain had given her complete sovereignty and what choice she had given him:  “God thank him for his courtesy.  He saved me from a foul and grim fate.  Therefore, courteous and gracious Gawain, I make this promise: I swear to God that as long as I live I will be obedient and never argue with you.”  Gawain pledged his love in return for her kindness.
The queen and all the ladies declared her the most beautiful woman in the hall, and the queen said to her, “You shall have my love forever for saving my lord Arthoure, as I am a gentlewoman.”
Dame Ragnell bore Sir Gawain a son, Gyngolyn, a good, strong knight of the Round Table.  She was present at every feast and was the most beautiful woman wherever she went.  Gawain loved her more than anyone in all his life, and he lay with her day and night, like a coward, foregoing jousting, which amazed the king.³  The lady asked Arthoure to be a good lord to Sir Gromer-Somer Jour despite his offense.  He and the king agreed: “Yes, lady, I will do so for your sake, for I know well that he may not make amends—he treated me most dishonorably!”
Now, to make a short conclusion, I intend to bring an end soon of this gentle lady: she lived with Sir Gawain but five years, which saddened him all his life.  She never displeased him; therefore no woman was ever more dear to him.  Thus ends my talking.  She  was the fairest lady in all England while she lived, I understand, as King Arthoure said.  So ends the adventure of King Arthoure, who was often sorely grieved in his days, and of the wedding of Sir Gawain, who was married often but never loved a woman as he did Dame Ragnell, I have heard men say.  This adventure took place in Inglewood Forest as good King Arthoure went hunting, I have heard men tell.  God, as You were born in Bethlehem, never let their souls be lost in the burning fires of hell!
And Jesus, born of a virgin, in all haste help him out of sorrow who made this tale.  He is beset by many jailers who keep him secured with unjust and powerful wiles.  God, very royal King, have pity and help him, for he has long been in danger and suffers strong pain; he yields his body and soul into your hand.
Here ends The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell for helping of King Arthoure.

Commentary 

Critics see humor, pathos, grotesquerie, and criticism in Dame Ragnell.  Some elements are more obvious than others to the modern reader, which may be clarified by some background.

Since several of the romances in this collection involve hunting (legal and illegal), a brief look at the historical activity may be helpful.  (And also provide a clue to Arthoure’s character in the present poem.)  Aristocratic hunting in the late Middle Ages had become elaborate and ceremonial, and involved a large party of huntsmen of different levels, dog keepers and others who assisted the noble hunters.  Seasons were set: September to February for female deer, and May to September for males.  Dress, manners, rituals and procedures were codified, including the dressing of a kill, which showed particular skill and cannot be equated with “butchering” as is done by some critics.

The excoriation, or “breaking,” of a deer was a complicated, formal process described in medieval hunting treatises.  The dismemberment was usually performed by an expert huntsman and perhaps his assistants. One of the most thorough and graphic literary depictions is found in the thirteenth-century Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg, including special terms for each stage, and another in the Parlement of the Thre Ages(though the hunter there is evidently a poacher).  Perhaps the most famous poetic hunts are those in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

In addition to dismemberment, there were specific ways to properly handle dogs and sound the horns, methods for hunting different kinds of game, which included deer, boars, hares, and foxes, and rituals attending the proceedings.  Orme observes the increasing appearance of technical terms in literature in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, though it is unclear “whether this reflects the fact that hunting was becoming more formalized or . . . the result of narrative authors becoming more realistic”(Orme 148).  He theorizes that the formalization of hunting terminology may have been an extension of the growing formality and etiquette of individual or social life, as well as a unifying and distinguishing mark of aristocratic hunters over those of lesser rank” (Orme 141).

Aristocrats were not the only hunters, though they had the privilege of enclosing areas for their own use.  Royal and noble preserves were protected and guarded from poachers, as was seen in King Edward and the Shepherd.  The aristocracy might have private forests, perhaps covering dozens of square miles, but more often created parks for hunting, making social alliances, and as status symbols, and additionally collecting profit from venison, timber and grazing.  Dyer reports that of the 1,900 known parks in the Middle Ages, most were created in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (Dyer, Living 153).  Lower ranks could hunt in unenclosed areas until 1390 when a statute limited hunting outside preserves to those of certain social rank as defined by income.  Hunters were therefore from the gentry and above, and also included the clergy, though there was some debate over the appropriateness of their hunting.  Women and children might also hunt.

Arthoure’s troubles begin during the hunt, when he himself is trapped.  Sir Gromer-Somer Jour’s grievance over the king’s having confiscated his lands and given them to Gawain seems straightforward, but aristocratic land ownership, which figures here and in other romances being read, needs some explanation, albeit simplified.

Land was not “owned” as moderns construe the term, as all England was held by the king, who granted land and rights directly to the great lords, lay and ecclesiastical.  These nobles held groups of manors, called “honors,” which had their own courts and officials.  In turn, these lords had aristocratic tenants or vassals, in return for homage and service.⁴

An interesting illustration is the creation of a “new nobility” by Edward III, who needed a royalist peerage to counteract the civil conflicts that preceded his reign.⁵  The situation is somewhat unusual, but the methods used by the king are instructive.  He conferred titles and elevations upon seventy men, some of whom lacked the financial resources to sustain their rank.  Edward therefore needed to endow them with lands, but there were few vacant estates.  Though he could to a limited degree redistribute land that became available upon the death of the holder or the end of a lifetime grant when the property reverted to the king, his most common reclamation was due to forfeiture of lands on account of domestic politics, war, and criminal law transgressions (Bothwell 1115).  Those embroiled in civil strife who ended up on the wrong side of the monarch lost lands.  During wartime (which was seemingly constant) lands were confiscated that had been held by the enemy, particularly English estates held by the French, including “alien” religious houses, French-based orders with priories and land in England.  Some endowments from these sources were granted for life, while others were for shorter terms but sufficient to support the recipient.  Some were conditional and would eventually revert back to the monarchy.  If delivery of land was delayed, the king could grant annuities until the holding(s) were available.  The king also used marriage and wardship to provide his men with property.

There was some negative reaction to Edward’s patronage program, mainly on the grounds that the king’s resources should be used for the maintenance of the monarchy and realm, particularly wars, though some criticism came from “those who lost in the process” (Bothwell 1123).  Parliament perceived Edward’s actions as a misuse of feudal and governmental resources, though Bothwell notes that disapproval of Edward’s actions were remarkably low compared to other reigns and was part of a “more general reaction to royal policies, especially in terms of crises” (Bothwell 1125).

However the king obtained the lands of Sir Gromer-Somer Jour, the knight accuses him of seizing them without right.  His tactic for vengeance, while aimed at the king’s death, is contained in a lighthearted, though didactic, tale.  But as seen in The Awntyrs off Arthure at the Terne Wathelyne (The Adventure of Arthur at the TarnWadling), the same situation occurs, with far greater and graver consequences.

Like Edward III, in both Dame Ragnell and The Awntyrs, the king rewards a favored retainer with confiscated lands.  Sir Gawain is the recipient in both poems, and though he expresses concern over those who “fonden to fight, / And thus defoulen the folke on fele kinges londes, / And riches over reymes withouten eny right” (“Yearn to fight and thus trample upon the folk on many kings’ lands and plunder realms without any right”; 261-63) early in The Awntyrs, he later risks his life in combat to keep the lands he has been given.  Both poets, though more strongly in The Awntyrs, criticize the king’s covetousness and his seizure of lands.

The impact of such actions on the court and the country was realized historically when Richard II took possession of Lancastrian lands upon the death of the father of the rightful inheritor, Henry Bolingbroke, who had been inexplicably banished first for ten years, then for life.  The division of the Lancastrian lands to several of Richard’s partisans during Henry’s exile violated the “most indefeasible of all rights, the right of inheritance” (McKisack 490) and was the catalyst for Henry’s return to England to reclaim his lands and take the crown, becoming Henry IV.

Regardless of the circumstances under which Sir Gromer-Somer Jour lost property, his plan for revenge poses the question that propels the action, while the answer raises even more questions.  The “loathly lady” folk motif of a transformed hag was well known and is perhaps most familiar from Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Tale (WBT).  His retelling of the story is freighted with philosophical and homiletic rhetoric, both in the long prolog and the brief tale itself.  It is part of his group of tales called the “marriage debate” in which he explores sovereignty in marriage from a number of perspectives, subtly raising the issue of who, if anyone, should dominate in male/female relationships, and to what extent.  In the WBT and elsewhere he associates sovereignty, or maystrie, the power of one partner over the other, with gentilesse, or noble behavior.  The Loathly Lady in the WBT lectures her reluctant knightly bridegroom on gentility, echoing Chaucer’s sentiments in Gentilesse that nobility comes from virtuous action, not lineage.  The same strain can be detected inDame Ragnell, an analog to the WBT, when Gawain, who has acted nobly throughout, submits out of courtesy, one of the standards ofgentilesse.  He, like the knight in the WBT, unexpectedly gains a beautiful wife who rewards his submission to her sovereignty with its return to him.  Each situation also involves another aspect of gentilesse: honoring one’s word, or trouthe.

The core issue is the basis on which a person should be judged.  Frequently in romances the value of status and wealth as a valid measure is questioned/challenged.  Noble characters like Sir Launfal and Havelok are shunned on account of poverty, and Sir Amadace fears the same fate.  In Dame Ragnell, another criteria is presented: physical appearance.  The association between the two is obvious throughout the poem, but clearly in a brief exchange between Dame Ragnell and Arthoure.

The most common adjective used to describe Dame Ragnell is “foul,” which had several meanings, including: dirty, ugly, evil and wretched.  When she describes herself as foul and associates her ability to choose a mate with that of an owl, Arthoure responds to her as “lady fowll,” and she again refers to the owl.  According to Shepherd, this is usually considered a textual corruption by scholars, but he suggests word play  (252 n.6), and the punning seems obvious.

Moderns don’t think of owls as fowl, but in medieval usage it also meant “bird.”  In Chaucer’s “Parlement of Foules” (“Paliament of Fowls”) the owl joins every species of bird who gather on St Valentine’s Day to choose a mate, as Dame Ragnell intends to do.  In that poem, the owl is a harbinger of death, one of its attributes found in medieval bestiaries.  The screech owl was considered unclean because its chicks befouled the nest and was associated with sin.

In the twelfth-century “ The Owl and the Nightingale,” in which the two birds defend their own merits and attack the other’s, the owl is accused, among other things, of being foul, dirty and hideous.  Dame Ragnell shares their appearance, down to the claws with which the owl attacks her prey and Dame Ragnell tears her food.  Dame Ragnell tells Arthoure that despite her appearance she is a lady, and indeed she is proven so.  But whether foul, and/or fowl, Arthoure must trust her to keep her word, a crucial aspect of gentilesse.

Concern over the keeping of one’s word was related to the shift in the basis of feudal relationships from service to monetary and contractual arrangements, and is reflected in transactional agreements, which may be viewed as bargains, in the romances.  Examples are seen in Sir Amadacebetween the hero and the White Knight, Sir Launfal and Lady Tryamour, Dame Ragnell and King Arthoure, and as we will see later, Ywain and Alundyne.  These agreements are usually sealed with oaths and/or promises and thus become covenants.

Dame Ragnell is full of oaths and promises. Each major character makes at least one: Arthoure to Sir Gromer-Somer Jour and the latter to the former; Arthoure to Dame Ragnell and she to him; Gawain to Arthoure; and Dame Ragnell and Gawain to each other.  The promises made are plain, and all are kept except one; Arthoure’s vow of secrecy to Sir Gromer-Somer Jour.  The breaking of a vow of secrecy is taken seriously in two previous poems, King Edward and the Shepherd andSir Launfal, where it is seen as betrayal, but it is passed over rather lightly in Dame Ragnell.  In Shenk’s view (and probably Arthoure’s), the king’s greatest offense is imprudently allowing himself to be separated from his hunting companions, rather than breaking his promise of secrecy.  Shenk reminds us that Arthoure “took the oath under constraint, and that in any case he is not breaking the spirit of the vow, for he asks only Gawain’s counsel and moral support, and does not ask him to take his place,” and “in the end Arthur fulfills the covenant” by returning unarmed at the assigned time (71).  This relatively lenient view revives the question of whether all oaths must be honored, regardless of the conditions under which they are made and their consequences, or whether mitigating circumstances can relieve responsibility.

The edition used for this translation is The Weddyng of Syr Gawen and Dame Ragnell for Helpyng of Kyng Arthoure in Middle English Romances.  Ed. Stephen H. A. Shepherd.  New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995.  The poem is dated around the middle of the fifteenth century.

Notes

¹  A page is missing in the manuscript, which probably describes the rest of the wedding celebration.  It resumes with the wedding night.

²  The canonical hours by which time was told were matins, lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, and compline.

³  A quick word about chivalry, far too broad a topic to cover in depth here and subject to misconception.  But one aspect appears in several of the romances in this collection: the expectancy of active practice of martial skill by knights to “keep their armor from rusting,” whether with individuals, or in tournaments.  One of the greatest temptations was to neglect that practice in favor of pleasure, particularly with a woman, as does Gawain with Dame Ragnell.  This was related to the sin of uxoriousness, the excessive fondness or lust for one’s wife.  It will be seen again in the next tale, Ywain and Gawain.

⁴  The lay social scale in the thirteenth and fourteenth century ran roughly as follows: dukes, earls and barons; knights and esquires, gentry and franklins; tenants free and bond, laborers; servants; marginals.  The ecclesiastical structure was archbishops, bishops and abbots; rectors and vicars; lesser clergy (Dyer, Standards 20).  This list omits emergent classes such as merchants and yeomen, and the urban hierarchy.  Generally, social rank was related to income and holdings.

⁵ This discussion is a condensed version of James Bothwell’s article, "Edward III and the 'New Nobility': Largesse and Limitation in Fourteenth-century England," The English Historical Review 449 (1997), which should be studied for an understanding of the complexities of the subject.

Scene of Napoleon Bonaparte's Death on St Helena

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Game of Thrones

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JAY JENKINSON

Source: HBO Promotional Images

The success of the epic medieval fantasy television show, Game of Thrones, has spurred huge media attention. Viewers regularly attempt to find historical parallels between the medieval ages and the television show and several notable comparisons between the show’s characters and plot have already been drawn to real world historical figures and events. Perhaps the most obvious parallel is between the war in Game of Thrones and the fifteenth century Wars of the Roses. The Wars of the Roses were fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York over the throne of England. InGame of Thrones, House Lannister and House Stark are in conflict with one another over the succession of the Iron Throne.

The character Cersei Lannister, husband to King Robert Baratheon, has been compared to Margaret of Anjou, the husband of King Henry VI of England, who was a prominent figure in the War of the Roses. In Game of Thrones, following the death of King Robert Baratheon Cersei Lannister fights for her son Joffrey’s right to the throne against Ned Stark. Similarly, Margaret of Anjou, of House of Lancaster, fought against the House of York for her son, Edward of Westminster. Historians have seen Margaret as a prime driver of the War of the Roses; in the same way that Cersei’s attempt to solidify Joffrey as King resulted in the War of the Five Kings. The characters differ in that whilst Margaret was skilled in court politics, Cersei is somewhat incompetent.

On the Stark side of the conflict, Rob Stark bares some comparison to the Yorkish King Edward IV. The young Rob Stark illustrates his brilliance as a military tactician in a series of crushing victories against the Lannister forces in season two. However, he shows some political naivety in an ill-advised marriage. Edward IV shared Rob Stark’s military cunning, showcased in his succession against the Lancastrians in a series of battles at only 19 years of age. He too possessed some political naivety when he secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of a Lancaster sympathiser, which alienated his allies in Warwick.

Stannis Baratheon’s claim to the Iron Throne and his naval attack against King’s Landing is similar to William the Conqueror. The Norman Duke claimed the King of England for himself and led a huge naval invasion of England. Stannis and William were powerful military commanders.

Parallels also exist between Petyr Baelish ‘Littlefinger’ the Master of Coin, the kingdom’s treasurer on the King’s small council, and Thomas Cromwell an English lawyer and statesmen who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Both rose from minor social positions to be prominent players in court politics; Baelish was born a lord of a minor holding, whilst Cromwell was born the son of a blacksmith. Baelish also possesses Cromwell’s skill at manipulating court politics; like his historical counterpart he assumes an unthreatening demeanour, while scheming against his political opponents and utilising bribes to achieve his goals.

A brief chronology of the French Revolution:

February 1787:		Assembly of "notables" called by Charles-Alexandre de Calonne
May 5, 1789:		Estates-General met at Versaille
July 14, 1789:		Parisian rabble seized the Bastille.
Aug 4, 1789:		National Assembly abolished feudal regime and tithe
Aug 26, 1789:		Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
October 5, 1789:		Paris rabble marched on Versaille, brought King to Paris.
June 20, 1791:		Louis XVI tried to flee country.
April 20, 1791:		France declares war on Prussia and Austria.
Aug 10, 1792:		Revolutionaries occupied Tuileries, imprisoned the royal family.
Jan 21, 1793:		Louise XVI executed.
Sept 5, 1793:		Reign of Terror (to July 27, 1794)
Oct. 5, 1795:		Napoleon crushes Royalist attempt to seize power in Paris.
November 9-10, 1799:		Napoleon (18-19 Brumaire) proclaimed end of the revolution. http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/robison-barruel.html

Lannister is to Lancaster as Stark is to York: Game of Thrones as History Retold

A.J. WILSON

http://www.heroesandheartbreakers.com/blogs/2011/07/lannister-is-to-lancaster-as-stark-is-to-york-game-of-thrones-as-history-retold

I’m enthralled: Epic storytelling, political intrigue, intricate plotting, noble knights and mad, ruthless kings.

Game of Thrones is all of these things, and though George R.R. Martin creates his world on a grand, fantastical scale, it recalls the time in English history that was full of bloodshed, betrayal and wary alliances (although when wasn’t that happening?). A time when two royal families, Lancaster and York, fought to wear the crown of England—the War of the Roses.

You Win or You Die

The captivating dynamics between the various noble houses in Game of Thrones bears a remarkable resemblance to medieval English politics. The constant threat of betrayal, rebellion, anarchy and greed prevail in both Martin’s series, as well as in real history.

Death plays a major role in this series, as it did in the Middle Ages, when living past thirty was considered quite a feat, and when bearing a child could mean death to a woman, both noble and poor.

Knowing too, that “Winter is coming” places all the characters, and the viewers, in a constant state of fear. Life for these souls “is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” (Hobbes) What’s more is one cannot fathom what is worse, the politic of court life in King’s Landing, aka London, or the wilds of the North, ie Scotland.

And just like history, compelling characters—of whom there are many—pull you even deeper into the story. When the series began, it was a bit daunting to be confronted with such a vast array of characters: Everyone from the noble Ned Stark to the sinister Cersei, and my goodness, Martin wastes no time in plunging our burgeoning feelings for his characters right over a cliff.

Margaret of Anjou by Talbot Master

The best example of this is in the second-to-last episode where our lovable, if a bit stupid, Ned Stark forfeited his life for his foolish honor. Perhaps had he not trusted Cersei, nor threatened her with exposure of her incest, he might live still.

I liken Cersei to Margaret of Anjou, French queen of Henry VI, a woman who tenaciously fought for her sons’ right to the throne, at the cost of many a life.

Ned Stark disputed Joffrey’s right to the throne because he suspected he was the son of Cersei’s incestuous relationship with her brother Jaime Lannister, not borne of her marriage to Robert Baratheon. It has been widely speculated that Margaret of Anjou’s son was not Henry VI’s at all, but was in fact the product of an affair with one of her courtiers!

To Think Joffrey was at All Based on History...Yikes

I have to give it to Martin; the man can weave a great tale, have his readers become emotionally invested by a character’s fate, only to feel it like a blow to the chest when he prematurely kills them off. And true to life, no one is safe. With one swift slash of a sword we’ve lost someone we’ve grown to love, to root for. The reality of Westeros is that people, even the good ones, especially the good ones, do die, often in a most ruthless, barbaric manner. Like real life, and real history.

So—great story-telling or an ability to use history as a realistic springboard? Perhaps a bit of both.

---

A.J. Wilson, Shark By Day, Lover Of All Things Plaid By Night

Napoleon!

The mille-feuille, vanilla slice, custard slice, also known as the Napoleon, 
is a pastry of French origin

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Hawk of May on Audible today!

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Goodreads - Hawk of May

Hawk of May (Down the Long Wind #1)

by Gillian Bradshaw

3.83 of 5 stars 3.83   rating details  ·  853 ratings  ·  47 reviews

An award-winning author finally gives voice to Arthur's greatest warrior

Tutored in dark magic by his mother, the beautiful, infinitely evil sorceress Morgawse, Gwalchmai doubts his path in life. But the isle of immortals calls him on a quest as a warrior of the Light...and seals his destiny as the hero of King Arthur's Britain. Framed by historical realism, Gillian Bradshaw expertly weaves convincing magical elements into her fantastic tale of Gwalchmai, the Hawk of May.

Real-life British History and Locations Behind ‘Game of Thrones’

http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/visit-britain-us/real-life-british-history-locations-behind-game-thrones-194645365.html

The Lannister clan’s battle with the Starks is reminiscent of the Lancasters’ with the Yorks during the War of the Roses. Peter Dinklage plays Tyrion Lannister. (Photo by Helen Sloan/HBO)

Yahoo! Contributor March 27, 2013Visit Britain

“Game of Thrones” swoops back onto screens March 31 like a marauding dragon. HBO’s hit seriesbased on George R.R. Martin’s best-selling fantasy novels draws inspiration from British history and has filmed in locations across the UK, many of which are easy to visit.

Ice zombies and telepathic mega-wolves aside, the Song of Ice and Fire saga has roots in England’s 15th-century Wars of the Roses, fought between the Yorks and Lancasters. Martin re-imagined these dueling clans as the rugged Starks and wealthy, blinged-out Lannisters (most of them now played on TV by British actors, in keeping with the way American producers usually imagine fantasy realms).

Hadrian's Wall, the real-life version of a similar dividing wall in ‘Game of Thrones,’ stretches from Cumbria to …

In a column for British newspaper The Guardian, Damien G. Walter observed the similarities. “One throne unifies the land but great houses fight over who will sit upon it,” he wrote. “With no true king the land is beset with corrupt, money-grubbing lords whose only interest is their own prestige. Two loose alliances of power pit a poor but honourable North against a rich and cunning South.”

Among other connections, fans point to echoes of King Edward IV in the lusty, brawling warrior-king Robert Baratheon, who grows overindulgent with middle age. Cersei, the character’s conniving Lannister wife, may be modeled on the firebrandMargaret of Anjou. She fueled the Wars of the Roses while trying to maintain her family’s hold on the crown as her husband, Henry VI, battled frequent bouts of insanity.

Named for the badges of each house (with a red flower for Lancaster and a white one for York), these conflicts continued for almost a century. The situation went critical at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, where the Lancastrian army routed the Yorkists, whose leaders fled abroad. The war raged from TheTower of London to Wales’ Raglan Castle and Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire, which still holds a communion service for the fallen each May 4. BBC History Magazine provides an excellent guide for enthusiasts, while Travel Editions runs a two-night tour on Richard III and the Wars of the Roses ($455, next available dates: August 9 and September 27, 2013).

Cersei (Lena Headey) is reminiscent of the powerful real-life Margaret of Anjou, whose forces battled in the War …

Martin’s version of Hadrian’s Wall, which the Romans built across the country from Cumbria to Tyne and Wear, is a 700-foot, 300-mile barricade of ice. Now one of northern England’s most popular tourist destinations and a World Heritage site, Hadrian’s Wall attracts hikers and bicyclists as well as history buffs.

Sets and a touring showcase

The atmosphere of medieval Britain saturates the “Game of Thrones” novels, so it’s no surprise that HBO turned to the UK for backdrops when it came to filming. Scotland’s Doune Castledoubled as Winterfell — the stronghold of the noble, foolhardy Starks — in the first season. But before it starred in this sex- and violence-drenched saga, the castle was known for its role in a whimsical spoof: Visitors may find the 14th-century fortress familiar from “Monty Python and the Holy Grail”($7.60 adult, $4.60 child). In fact, comedian and Monty Python regular Terry Jones narrates a free audio tour that highlights Spamalot, African sparrows and other in-jokes from the 1975 classic.

Doune Castle in Scotland has starred in both ‘Game of Thrones’ and ‘Monty Python and the Holy Grail.’ (Photo by …

Doune Castle’s actual history is just as colorful. Built around 1400 by Robert Stewart, “Scotland’s uncrowned king,” it soon faded into a royal summer retreat. But opponents of Mary, Queen of Scots, tested its defenses in 1567, besieging her supporters for three days (they finally surrendered, on the condition that the castle be preserved). It last saw action in 1745, when six soldiers escaped imprisonment by knotting bedsheets and lowering themselves down the walls. A ruin by 1800, the restored courtyard castle now attracts visitors for its filmography as well as a 100-foot gatehouse that includes a majestic Lord’s Hall with a musicians' gallery, double fireplace and carved oak screen.

Northern Ireland has taken over as Winterfell and many other locations. But aficionados of the books and Emmy- and Golden Globe-winning TV series need not travel that far. Westeros, like winter, is coming… HBO is mounting a traveling exhibition with five stops, including New York City (March 28 — April 3). The showcase, the first of its kind, reveals a trove of 70-odd artifacts, like the longsword “Ice” and a replica of the spiky, hotly contested Iron Throne.

Try this at home

One of last ‘true’ castles built, Wales’ Raglan played a role in the Wars of the Roses, which helped inspire the …

Even fans unable to travel have plenty to look forward to as Season 3 kicks off. “We’re excited because it’s based on the third book, easily one of the most amazing things many of us have ever read,” explains Jason Ocampo of Seattle. He's a “second-screener” who turns to the HBOGo site to scrutinize most episodes. “It generates an incredible amount of emotion. Everything has been building up to this.”

Fantasy Author Mae Empson also numbers among “G of T” connoisseurs, sometimes hosting up to 30 friends at home viewing parties. And for the last seven years, she’s taken part in a table-top role-playing game that unfolds amid the Song of Ice and Fire universe.

“It's an amazing setting, where you can expect to strive and fail in all kinds of horrible ways,” she notes. “Cersei says 'when you play a game of thrones, you win or you die', but the truth is, from the perspective of telling great stories, you still win when you lose."

Getting there: The national carrier British Airways flies into London and dozens of other UK destinations, including Edinburgh, Scotland.

By Amanda Castleman

Photos: The Lannister clan’s battle with the Starks is reminiscent of the Lancasters’ with the Yorks during the War of the Roses. Here, Peter Dinklage plays Tyrion Lannister. (Photo by Helen Sloan/HBO)

Hadrian's Wall, the real-life version of a similar dividing wall in ‘Game of Thrones,’ stretches from Cumbria to Tyne and Wear in northern England. (Photo by Rod Edwards/VisitBritain)

Cersei (Lena Headey) is reminiscent of the powerful real-life Margaret of Anjou, whose forces battled in the War of the Roses. (Photo by Helen Sloan/HBO)

Doune Castle in Scotland has starred in both ‘Game of Thrones’ and ‘Monty Python and the Holy Grail.’ (Photo by Steve Collis from Melbourne, Australia via Wikimedia Commons)

One of last ‘true’ castles built, Wales’ Raglan played a role in the Wars of the Roses, which helped inspire the best-selling Song of Ice and Fire saga. (Photo by Britain on View/VisitBritain)