STANLEY KUBRICK'S NAPOLEON: A LOT OF WORK, VERY LITTLE ACTUAL MOVIE

http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/stanley-kubricks-napoleon-a-lot-of-work-very-little-actual-movie

By viceuk

One night during the pre-production phase on A Clockwork Orange, Malcolm McDowell asked Stanley
Kubrick why he was eating ice cream at the same time as his main course steak. "What's the
difference?" said Kubrick. "It's all food. This is how Napoleon used to eat."

Well that's how McDowell tells it anyway. There are lots of near-mythical stories about Kubrick's comprehensive research. That he was probably the most meticulous of film directors known to man is
not open to debate, and Napoleon, the film he tried and failed to make for decades, is the best example
of his attention to detail. Kubrick believed nobody had ever made a great historical film, and planned to
change this with a three-hour epic, telling the story of the French emperor's entire life.

[caption id="attachment_14599" align="alignnone" width="500" caption="Stanley K."][/caption]

Kubrick thought Napoleon was the most interesting man to have ever walked the Earth. He called his life "an epic poem of action", thought his relationship with Josephine was "one of the great obsessional passions of all time", and said, "He was one of those rare men who move history and mold the destiny of their own times and of generations to come." Getting to work on the film in the mid-60s, after 2001 was released, he sent an assistant around the world to literally follow in Napoleon's footsteps ("Wherever Napoleon went, I want you to go," he told him), even getting him to bring back samples of earth from Waterloo so he could match them for the screen.

He read hundreds of books on the man and broke the information down into categories "on everything from his food tastes to the weather on the day of a specific battle". He gathered together 15,000 location scouting photos and 17,000 slides of Napoleonic imagery.

He would shoot the film in France and Italy, for their grand locations, and Yugoslavia, for their cheap armies. These were pre-CG days, and he arranged to borrow 40,000 Romanian infantry and 10,000 cavalry for the battles. "I wouldn't want to fake it with fewer troops," he said to an interviewer at the time, "because Napoleonic battles were out in the open, a vast tableau where the formations moved in an almost choreographic fashion. I want to capture this reality on film, and to do so it's necessary to recreate all the conditions of the battle with painstaking accuracy."

He wanted David Hemmings and Audrey Hepburn for the leads, with Alec Guinness and Laurence Olivier as supporting characters, but it all came crashing down when, partly as a result of another Napoleon film,Waterloo, being released in 1970, studios decided Kubrick's dream was too financially risky. In the early 1980s, he still talked of wanting to make the film, but it wasn't to be. Although he died in 1999, there's a chance his vision may see the light of day; it's been offered to the likes of Ridley Scott and Ang Lee.

You could make it yourself if you want, as every single bit of information pertaining to the project has recently been published in the form of a book called Stanley Kubrick's Napoleon: The Greatest Movie Never Made. It's ten books in one (literally, with nine books sitting inside one enormous carved out fake book), limited to 1,000 copies, and costs £450. All the location scouting photos, all the research pictures, costume tests, correspondence with historical experts, Kubrick's script – everything's in there. It's amazing. I went to the HQ of the publisher Taschen; they let me touch it. They wouldn't give me one for free for some reason.

Tony Frewin was Kubrick's assistant from 1965 until the director died (and beyond). I called him up for a first-hand account of what it was like to be in Kubrick's Napoleonic vortex.

Vice: So tell me how your life with Stanley began. You were an office boy for him, right?
Tony Frewin: Well, a runner. Office boy I think rather glorifies it.

How did you come across him in the first place?
I grew up in Borehamwood and he'd just moved in to MGM Studios down the road on the pre-production of2001. My father had just quit the management at MGM but he'd gone to work for Stanley, and he just kept on at me, saying, "Come down, we need a runner on this." I think I said something crass – in those days, in the mid-60s, we only ever went to see foreign language films, French films: Antonioni, Fellini, Bergman, Bunuel. Terribly snobbish. And I think I said something crass like, "Well if it was Jean-Luc Godard I might be interested." Ah God. What a prick.

The pretentiousness of youth.
Oh absolutely. You squirm when you think of it. Oh God. Anyway, I went down one Sunday afternoon and my dad showed me into this office, which was absolutely full of books on fantastic art, surrealism, Dadaism, cosmology, flying saucers, and I thought, "Fuck, I wouldn't mind working here just to have access to these books." And then Stanley came in, who I thought was an office cleaner, with a baggy pair of trousers and a sports jacket with ink stains all over it. And we got chatting, for about two hours, and he said, "When can you start?" and I said, "When do you want me to?" and he said, "Seven o'clock tomorrow morning." I said, "You've got a deal." That was a week after my 17th birthday.

[caption id="attachment_14603" align="alignnone" width="450" caption="Mr Kubrick"][/caption]

What sort of running work was it? Anything that was required?
Yeah, and it was always like that. People used to say, "What's the management structure like there?" at Hawk Films, or whatever we called ourselves, and I'd say, "Well, there's Stanley at the top, and then everybody else." There were no tiers of middle management, there was Stanley at the apex and all the rest of us on the bottom line. But it was a tremendous education working for Stanley; he was an intellectual Catherine Wheel of ideas and projects and ideas and enthusiasm. You really earnt your nickel working for Stanley, but as [Full Metal Jacket writer] Michael Herr says in that lovely little book [Kubrick]: nobody earnt their nickel more than Stanley himself. He lived by example, not by dictat.

When do you remember him first talking about Napoleon?
I remember when we were working on 2001, he had a sort of fascination with military figures, he was always very interested in Julius Caesar, particularly the invasion of Britain, but this ability to be a man of action, an intellectual, a strategist, with political objectives, and how you balanced all this and did what was right, I guessNapoleon grew out of that.

Did he relate to these types of people?
I don't think he related to them, but he found them tremendously fascinating. How, ultimately, flaws in their character, particularly Napoleon, would bring them down. You see this in people in positions of public trust or power anyway; you know, Harriet Harman getting out after that car crash and imperiously saying, "I'm Harriet Harman. You know where to contact me." You know. I mean, what a cunt.

The research and planning he did for Napoleon is near legendary.
Yeah. He did a lot on all his films, not least of which was on the abandoned project, Wartime Lies, about the Holocaust. We spent nearly two years, day in day out, researching that. And in that same period Spielberg got the idea for Schindler's List, did the pre-production, made the film, released it, and we were still shuffling index cards.

So Schindler's List just killed it for him?
Well, he'd always wanted to do a film about the Holocaust, but it presented certain problems. As Stanley said, if you really want to make an accurate film about the Holocaust, it's got to be unwatchable. But he thoughtSchindler's List was a hard act to follow, and it wasn't the right time to do Wartime Lies. You know what [historian] Raul Hilberg said about Schindler's List? He wrote this massive three-volume study of the destruction of the European Jews, quite witty and funny too, but he said Schindler's List was a success story. A feelgood picture.

That's one way of looking at it. In terms of Stanley's fascination with Napoleon, what do you know of Malcolm McDowell's story about him eating dessert and steak at the same time, because that's how Napoleon used to eat?
I'd take that with a pinch of Bolivian marching powder.

Do you think the levels of research he carried out and his attention to the smallest detail was all part of the fun?
Well, it was a means to an end. He said, "God is in the detail." But he knew when to cut his research, when to stop it. Barry Lyndon is a wonderful example of a historical film correctly done, right down to the lighting. Unlike all this crap you see on the BBC now. What he aimed for was for that it actually looked like at the time. It's a wonderful film.

Do you think if he was making films today he would have utilised CGI?
Oh absolutely.

What about for extras? He'd hired 40,000 or so troops for Napoleon; do you think now he would have done that with CGI, or would he still have hired all those people for authenticity's sake?
I think it would depend very much on the shot. Some shots you might need a couple of thousand, and then some CGI. Although I don't think he would have automatically thought, Let's CGI everything.

Was he enthusiastic about new technology in that area?
Oh absolutely, from the word go. He used to say anything that saved time was worth its weight in gold. The rest of us were sort of luddites, but he wasn't. In 1980 he bought us all IBM green screens. These were the first PCs that were generally available, little 12" screens. You didn't even have a hard drive, you had two floppies. And Stanley said, "This is the future, this is what we'll be using." And I told him, "No, I like to type something and take out the piece of paper and see what's on it," and he said, "No, listen, you've got to get rid of that, this is the future, it's arrived now." He wasn't at all conservative in that way; we had fax machines before anybody else did. People would say, "What the fuck do you want a fax machine for?" But he'd grab anything that saved time and made things look better.

How would you feel about Ridley Scott making the film?
Well, he's a very competent director, but it would be a very different film from Stanley's. There's only one Stanley who could make a Stanley Kubrick film.

ALEX GODFREY

St. Helena

Escape Routine On Napoleon's Island Of Imprisonment

Carrying the name Saint Helena reminding of the Constantinople empress sanctified by some of the major religions because she found the relics of the True Cross, this British island is one of the most isolated in the world. Due to its solitary position, the second oldest remaining colony after Bermuda was the place where French iconic figure Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled. The notable name now draws tourists from around the world and the St. Helena coffee, the most expensive in the world, bears fame for once delighting this leader's taste buds.

Ideal for Exile in Solitude

Bonaparte's place of banishment lies in the South Atlantic Ocean and is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Small in size covering only 16 by 18 kilometers (10 by 5 miles), this land spot lies more than 2000 kilometers (1,200 miles) away from any major landmass. St. Helena was the solitude prison for Dinuzulu KaCetshwayo, the king of the Zulu and more than 5000 other prisoners. With Bonaparte's arrival on October 1815, the secluded St. Helena was guarded like never before by troops and ships.

The Beauty of a Prison

Discovered by the Portuguese and named by a Galician navigator, St. Helena was governed since 1659. The pretty island in the South Atlantic carries the name of Helena of Constantinople, a sanctified empress by religions like the Easter Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern and Roman Catholic, Anglican or Lutheran. Nowadays the terrains, volcanic in origin are divided into eight districts, home to a population of about 4200 people. Because of the fertile grounds the island is covered in remarkable vegetation with many indigenous species. The cabbage tree species are some of the endemic flora wonders and the national bird, the St. Helena Plover features even on the coat of arms. There are a number of rockets and islets off the coast of St. Helena which appeal mostly through names like Castle Rock, Black Rock, the Needle and their photographic shapes.

Walking Napoleon's Shoes

Even though St. Helena was the place where Napoleon has lost his freedom, the appeal of the isolated ''jail cell'' has grown with tourists over the years. Whether you want to remember the French warrior figure by visiting the last grounds he ever walked on or you are interested in studying the spectacular flora and fauna of the island named after a saint, St. Helena will definitely be the place to capture your interest. Climb Diana's Peak which is part of the island's first National Park, relax while golfing or birdwatching and taste the St. Helena coffee which has made history.

Live a special experience on Napoleon's island of imprisonment, the secluded St. Helena highlighted through pristine beauty and remarkable flora and fauna.

• Activity & Adventure
 
• Beaches
 
• Camping
 
• Family Entertainment
 
• Famous Landmarks
 
• Golf
• History/Culture
 
• Isolated places
 
• Natural Beauty
 
• Peace & Quiet
 
• Romance
 
• Sun
 
• Water Sports
• Boat
 
• Climbing
 
• Hiking
 
• January
 
• February
 
• March
 
• April
 
• Relaxing

How to get there?

The pretty island St. Helena where Napoleon faced his exile can be reached by ship only. A direct trip to this isolated drop of paradise can be caught either from Cape Town or from Ascension Island. Traveling from the United Kingdom are also possible but they are not direct and take a longer while.

The Children of Longwood: Napoleon’s Young Friends at St. Helena

By Thomas J. Vance

Napoleon spent his six year captivity on St. Helena dictating his memoirs and missing his son, Napoleon II. Officially known as the King of Rome, the Eaglet (l’Aiglon), was only four and a half when his father began what Lord Rosebery termed “the final phase.” The boy spent the St. Helena years in his own form of captivity, cut off from all contact with his father while being raised as an Austrian prince (the Duke of Reichstadt), but answering to Francis.

Aside from his literary work and reading, one of Napoleon’s main distractions throughout this period were the island’s children.  Napoleon’s befriending the young residents of St. Helena helped him live out these years in the south Atlantic while missing his family.

The account of Napoleon’s friendship with the children of the Balcombe family is fairly well known thanks to Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon, written by Mrs. (Elizabeth) Abell. The author was the 13 year-old Betsy Balcombe who became one of Napoleon’s first friends upon his arrival in October 1815. Her account of this friendship was given new life for young readers with the 1997 publication of My Napoleon by Catherine Brighton. The Balcombe’s lived at “The Briars” estate, about a mile and a half outside of Jamestown, the main village and only port.

Betsy Balcombe

William Balcombe was a minor official of the East India Company, handling provisions for ships putting in at St. Helena. The Briars contained a pavilion, or summer house, and this is where Napoleon stayed while Longwood House was prepared for the Imperial household. Longwood was five miles inland and had been the home of the island’s lieutenant governor.

Betsy and her 15 year-old sister Jane both spoke French and had two younger brothers, ages five and seven. Napoleon became friends with all four children and gave them goodies prepared by his pastry cook, played blindman’s bluff, and presented the boys with toy balloons and a toy wagon powered by four live mice. The children, being British, had been raised to fear the monster “Boney,” but he must have appeared to be more of an uncle or grandfather than a feared emperor. They became comfortable enough with their visitor to tease him and even call him Boney to his face. Betsy was his favorite of the four and continued visiting Napoleon after he moved to Longwood. Her father often had business at Longwood since he was assigned supply duties for the Longwood estate.

Besty later wrote, ”I never met with anyone who bore childish liberties so well as Napoleon. He seemed to enter into every sort of mirth or fun with the glee of a child, and though I have often tried his patience severely, I never knew him to lose his temper or fall back upon his rank or age to shield himself from the consequences of his own familiarity or of his indulgence to me.”[1]Norwood Young, the author of the two volume Napoleon in Exile, wrote “if Mrs. Abell is to be believed, Napoleon had the activity of a boy...”[2]

Accompanying Napoleon to St. Helena were the children of his staff and additional companions would be born over the years. The accounts of these relationships are scattered throughout St. Helena literature and usually are not told as a unified story. Of his key household staff, children and one young adult accompanied the Bertrands, Montholons and Emmanuel de Las Cases.

Napoleon and the Balcombe Girls

The Bertrand children provided the most constant enjoyment for Napoleon. General Henri Gratien Bertrand, 42-years-old and known in Napoleon’s Imperial household as The Grand Marshal, married Countess Fanny Bertrand in 1808. They arrived with three children and settled in a small villa called Hutt’s Gate, a mile away from Longwood.  A fourth child, Arthur, was born on St. Helena in 1817.

The Bertrands, particularly the countess, were hoping to limit their stay on the island to not more than a year because of the education needs of their children: Henri age three, Hortense age five, and Napoleon age seven. They had agreed to follow the Emperor into exile before the final destination had been announced, hoping, as did Napoleon, that the final destination would be England. Nevertheless, the Bertrands, who had also accompanied Napoleon to Elba, would stay with Napoleon to the very end. Fanny gave birth to their fourth child Arthur in 1817, and he became Napoleon’s favorite member of the family.        

While Bertrand maintained relations with the British authorities, the duties of running the imperial household fell to General Charles Tristan Montholon, a 32-year-old who had married Albine Helene de Vassal, previously Madame Roger, in 1812. They arrived at St. Helena with their three-year-old son Tristan, but left behind their baby born the previous year considered too young for the journey and Albine’s 12-year-old boy from a previous marriage. She gave birth to a daughter, Napoleone Marie Helene, in 1816. Two years later upon the arrival of Napoleone-Josephine Montholon, there was speculation that the father was Napoleon himself.[3] The Montholon family occupied three rooms at Longwood. Commenting on the household collection, historian John Holland Rose described Tristan as “the bright little boy of the Montholons.”[4]  According to Alan Schom, Monotholon’s presence on the island “was to prove the most disastrous personnel decision of Napoleon’s entire life,” due to mounting evidence -- such as the detective work by Weider, Forshufvud and Hapgood -- pointing toward Monotholon as the one who murdered Napoleon with poison.[5]

Emmanuel de Las Cases, nearly 50 years old upon his arrival at St. Helena as Napoleon’s secretary, brought along his eldest son, 15-year-old Emmanuel, “with an intelligence far above his years,” according to one historian.[6]  Las Cases, a former naval officer and a count, spoke English -- an important asset to Bonaparte. Usually referred to as “young Las Cases,” the boy assisted his father in taking down Napoleon’s memoirs.

Napoleon and Tristan Montholon

An engraving titled “Napoleon at St. Helena” shows the Emperor dictating to young Las Cases.[7] The boy also took down his father’s own dictation for the books that would become the popular eight volume Memorial of Saint Helena. At one point, Napoleon suggested that young Las Cases and Betsy Balcomble should date, but nothing came of it. The Las Cases’ were quartered in two rooms at Longwood.

There we have the collection of eight children of the key members of the imperial household making up Napoleon’s circle of young companions. He even showed interest in island children he would encounter on his frequent walks. One story describes his meeting a tenant farmer, his wife and six children.

“With the aid of Las Cases,” Ralph Korngold tells us, “Napoleon also spoke to the woman, complimenting her on her brood and asking about the children’s ages and schooling. He had Las Cases distribute coins among the children, while he playfully pinched their ears and noses and pulled their hair. By this time the family felt quite at ease,” adding that a friend of the family indicated that afterwards the children often inquired “When will Boney come to see us again?”[8] The scattered scenes of Napoleon’s interactions with the children in the St. Helena literature sets a light and positive tone to what was otherwise a predictable and boring existence.

The children played marbles in the Longwood drawing room, danced and sang. Napoleon liberally disbursed gifts to them and we know that he once gave Napoleon Bertrand and Tristan Montholon each a drum and to Hortense Bertrand a bon-bon box that had belonged to his sister Pauline. Another of Hortense’s gifts was Napoleon’s coat that he wore as First Counsel. On another occasion the Emperor gave Arthur Bertrand the money to buy a pony, while Hortense Bertrand received earrings for her newly pierced ears (which Napoleon supervised). Napoleon Bertrand received a gold watch from the Emperor for correctly reciting his multiplication tables.[9]

The children joined the Emperor as he worked in the garden, assisting him with his watering or helping him fill the pond with fish. Napoleon would call out as they would pass by the house, talking, laughing, playing with them and taking an interest in their games. He would pass out candy and oranges and even take sides in their quarrels. Longwood was equipped with a piano and there was also dancing, which the children enjoyed. “The freshness of their emotions delighted him,” wrote Aubry.[10] Young tells us that “The bright laughter of the children turned the Emperor’s thoughts to the days of his own youth.”[11]  

Meanwhile, the older Bertrand children along with the Montholon boy ran wild through Longwood, “although there is talk of giving them lessons, nothing is done.”[12]  One British observer wrote, “I wonder she does not try to teach her three very fine children, if it was only for amusement, but she has no idea of that. (General) Bertrand teaches them the little they are taught.”[13]  

The Las Cases’ left the island in 1816, the Balcombe family departed in 1818 and the next year Madame Montholon left with her children. The Bertrand children were then the sole consolation left to Napoleon.[14] “There is nothing devious about them,” the Emperor said, “They say right out whatever comes into their heads.”[15]  In last year of the captivity, Napoleon Bertrand served as an choir boy when regular masses were organized by the newly arrived priest from Corsica, 66-year-old Abbe Buonavitan.[16]

The Bertrand children were present at the time of Napoleon’s death on May 5,1821. The painting by Steben of the last hours shows the Gen. and Madame Bertrand with two of their children, Napoleon and Hortense, next to their mother (Hortense weeping in her mother’s lap) and young Henri Bertrand on the other side of the bed, close to the Emperor’s head. According to Aubry, Arthur was present too. “The emotion was too great for young Napoleon. He fainted and was carried out into the garden.”[17]

Napoleon Bertrand served as a pallbearer and Henri Bertrand carried a censer in the procession, while Hortense and Arthur followed behind in a two-wheeled open carriage. with their mother.[18]

Two of the Longwood children, Arthur Bertrand and Las Cases, Jr., returned in 1840 with the French vessel La Belle Poule to bring the body of their old friend home to Paris. Arthur then wrote Letters on the Expedition to St. Helena in which he recounted the fun the children had with Napoleon.[19] 

Summing up Napoleon’s interaction with his young companions, John Holland Rose wrote, “It is such episodes as these that reveal the softer traits of his character, which the dictates of policy had stunted but not eradicated.”[20]  Jean-Paul Kauffmann describes Napoleon’s relations with the children as “one of the unexpected facets of his personality. Though one may accuse Napoleon of being hard, even calculating with his companions, at least he is very good-natured, really kind with little ones, children, and servants. This is no doubt because with them he does not need to insist on his rank, shun familiarity, or study his words and attitudes with an eye to the future.”[21]

Napoleon’s thoughts were often with his son, and he treasured his paintings and marble bust of the King of Rome. While he did not often talk of the boy to the household staff, he must have seen the Eaglet in the young smiles and laughter that filled his years at Longwood.

_____________

Tom Vance, retired from the U.S. Army Reserve as a lieutenant colonel, lives in Michigan where he works for a public school district. His articles on Napoleon have appeared in Military History, British Army Review, The Napoleon Series electronic magazine and theNapoleonic Literature web site.

Napoleon Leaves Elba

http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2067565_2067566_2067593,00.html

By ISHAAN THAROOR Tuesday, Apr. 26, 2011

By the spring of 1814, the armies of France's continent-conquering Napoleon were a bedraggled mess, reeling from a disastrous campaign in the Russian winter. Surrounded and weakened, Napoleon was forced to abdicate his imperial throne and sent into exile on the tiny Mediterranean island of Elba. Now, you can say it's hardly a prison when you get to claim sovereignty over a whole island, keep a small navy and spend your days surveying land and ordering the construction of iron mines, but Napoleon knew his enemies would not tolerate his presence in Elba long and had plans to send him much further to St. Helena in the Atlantic. So Napoleon stealthily abandoned Elba with a small force and landed on French soil — in a famous encounter, the French regiment sent to intercept the Emperor on the run simply joined ranks with him. And soon the entire nation would rally around him once more. But in the summer of 1815 his luck ran out and his armies were defeated decisively at the famous battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was banished to St. Helena, a prison from which this time there was no escape.

Read more:http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2067565_2067566_2067593,00.html #ixzz228v739zr

Napoleon's Graves

The Island of Saint Helena

                                               
                                                             Napoleon's First Grave

Napoleon's current resting place

 In 1840, King Louis-Philippe decided to transfer the body of the Emperor. French sails men, under the Prince de Joinville command, brought back the coffin to France, aboard the "Belle Poule" ship.
National funerals followed the return of the Emperor Napoléon I remains, transferred to the Invalides on December 15th 1840, while the tomb was being constructed. It was commissioned in 1842, by Louis-Philippe, to the architect Visconti (1791-1853), who made vast transformations by excavating largely the inside of the Dome church, to host the tomb. The body of the Emperor Napoléon I was laid there on April 2nd 1861.
The tomb, crafted in red porphyry from Russia, placed on a green granite base from the Vosges, is circled by a crown of laurels and inscriptions, reminders of the great victories of the Empire. In the round gallery, a series of low-relief, sculpted by Simart, represent the main actions of the reign. A statue of the Emperor, bearing the imperial emblems, was erected at the back of the crypt, above the tombstone under which the King of Rome lies.

The Dome Church also houses the sepultures of two of Napoléon's brothers, Jérôme and Joseph Bonaparte, Napoléon's son, the so-called eaglet, as well as the more recent ones of marshals Foch and Lyautey. The Musée de l'Armée is responsible for those.

Napoleon Bonaparte's will

NAPOLEON. This 15th April, 1821, at Longwood, Island of St. Helena. This is my Testament, or act of my last will.

1. I DIE in the Apostolical Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born more than fifty years since.

2. It is my wish that my ashes may repose on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French people, whom I have loved so well.

3. I have always had reason to be pleased with my dearest wife, Maria Louisa. I retain for her, to my last moment, the most tender sentiments-I beseech her to watch, in order to preserve, my son from the snares which yet environ his infancy.

4. I recommend to my son never to forget that he was born a French prince, and never to allow himself to become an instrument in the hands of the triumvirs who oppress the nations of Europe: he ought never to fight against France, or to injure her in any manner; he ought to adopt my motto: "Everything for the French people."

5. I die prematurely, assassinated by the English oligarchy and its tool. The English nation will not be slow in avenging me.

6. The two unfortunate results of the invasions of France, when she had still so many resources, are to be attributed to the treason of Marmont, Augereau, Talleyrand, and La Fayette. I forgive them--May the posterity of France forgive them as I do.

7. I thank my good and most excellent mother, the Cardinal, my brothers, Joseph, Lucien, Jerome, Pauline, Caroline, Julie, Hortense, Catarine, Eugene, for the interest they have continued to feel for me. I pardon Louis for the libel he published in 1820: it is replete with false assertions and falsified documents.

8. I disavow the "Manuscript of St. Helena," and other works, under the title of Maxims, Sayings, &c., which persons have been pleased to publish for the last six years. Such are not the rules which have guided my life. I caused the Duc d'Enghien to be arrested and tried, because that step was essential to the safety, interest, and honour of the French people, when the Count d'Artois was maintaining, by his own confession, sixty assassins at Paris. Under similar circumstances, I should act in the same way.

II.

1. I bequeath to my son the boxes, orders, and other articles; such as my plate, field-bed, saddles, spurs, chapel-plate, books, linen which I have been accustomed to wear and use, according to the list annexed

(A). It is my wish that this slight bequest may he dear to him, as coming from a father of whom the whole world will remind him.

2. I bequeath to Lady Holland the antique Cameo which Pope Pius VI. gave me at Tolentino.

3. I bequeath to Count Montholon, two millions of francs, as a proof of my satisfaction for the filial attentions be has paid me during six years, and as an indemnity for the loses his residence at St. Helena has occasioned him.

4. I bequeath to Count Bertrand, five hundred thousand francs.

5. I bequeath to Marchand, my first valet-de-chambre; four hundred thousand francs. The services he has rendered me are those of a friend; it is my wish that he should marry the widow sister, or daughter, of an officer of my old Guard.

6. Item. To St. Denis, one hundred thousand francs.

7. Item. To Novarre (Noverraz,) one hundred thousand francs.

8. Item. To Pielon, one hundred thousand francs.
9. Item. To Archambaud, fifty thousand francs.
10. Item. To Cursot, twenty-five thousand francs.
11. Item. To Chandellier, twenty-five thousand francs.
12. To the Abbé Vignali, one hundred thousand francs. It is my wish that he should build his house near the Ponte Novo di Rostino.
13. Item. To Count Las Cases, one hundred thousand francs.
14. Item. To Count Lavalette, one hundred thousand francs.
15. Item. To Larrey, surgeon-in-chief, one hundred thousand francs.--He is the most virtuous man I have known.
16. Item. To General Brayher, one hundred thousand francs.
17. Item. To General Le Fevre Desnouettes one hundred thousand francs.
18. Item. To General Drouot, one hundred thousand francs.
19. Item. To General Cambrone, one hundred thousand francs.
20. Item. To the children of General Mouton Duvernet, one hundred thousand francs.
21. Item. To the children of the brave Labedoyère, one hundred thousand francs.
22. Item. To the children of General Girard, killed at Ligny, one hundred thousand francs.
23. Item. To the children of General Chartrand one hundred thousand francs.
24. Item. To the children of the virtuous General Travot, one hundred thousand francs.
25. Item. To General Lallemand the elder, one hundred thousand francs.
26. Item. To Count Real, one hundred thousand francs.
27. Item. To Costa de Bastelica, in Corsica, one hundred thousand francs.
28. Item. To General Clausel, one hundred thousand francs.
29. Item. To Baron de Mennevalle, one hundred thousand francs.
30. Item. To Arnault, the author of Marius, one hundred thousand francs.
31. Item. To Colonel Marbot, one hundred thousand francs.--I recommend him to continue to write in defence of the glory of the French armies, and to confound their calumniators and apostates.
32. Item. To Baron Bignon, one hundred thousand francs.--I recommend him to write the history of French diplomacy from 1792 to 1815.
33. Item. To Poggi di Talavo, one hundred thousand francs.
34. Item. To surgeon Emmery, one hundred thousand francs.
35. These sums will be raised from the six millions which I deposited on leaving Paris in 1815; and from the interest at the rate of 5 per cent. since July 1815. The account thereof will be settled with the banker by Counts Montholon and Bertrand, and Marchand.
36. Whatever that deposit may produce beyond the sum of five million six hundred thousand francs, which have been above disposed of, shall he distributed as a gratuity amongst the wounded at the battle of Waterloo, and amongst the officers and soldiers of the battalion of the Isle of Elba, according to a scale to be determined upon by Montholon, Bertrand, Drouot, Cambrone, and the surgeon Larrey.
37. These legacies, in case of death, shall be paid to the widows and children, and in default of such, shall revert to the bulk of my property.
III.
1. My private domain being my property, of which I am not aware that any French law has deprived me, an account of it will be required from the Baron de la Rouillerie, the treasurer thereof: it ought to amount to more than two hundred millions of francs; namely,
1. The portfolio containing the savings which I made during fourteen years out of my civil list, which savings amounted to more than twelve millions per annum, if my memory be good.
2. The produce of this portfolio.
3. The furniture of my palaces, such as it was in 1814, including the palaces of Rome, Florence, and Turin. All this furniture was purchased with moneys accruing from the civil list.
4. The proceeds of my houses in the kingdom of Italy, such as money, plate, jewels, furniture, equipages; the accounts of which will be rendered by Prince Eugene and the steward of the Crown, Campagnoni.
NAPOLEON. (Second Sheet.)
2. I bequeath my private domain, one half to the surviving officers and soldiers of the French army who have fought since 1792 to 1815, for the glory and the independence of the nation, the distribution to be made in proportion to their appointments upon active service; and one half to the towns and districts of Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté, Burgundy, the Isle of France, Champagne Forest, Dauphiné, which may have suffered by either of the invasions. There shall be previously set apart from this sum, one million for the town of Brienne, and one million for that of Méri. I appoint Counts Montholon and Bertrand, and Marchand, the executors of my will. This present will, wholly written with my own hand, is signed and sealed with my own arms.
NAPOLEON. (L. S.) List (A).